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Social citizenship
Social citizenship was a term first coined by T.H. Marshall, who argued that the ideal citizenship experience entails access to political, civil and social rights in a state.〔Rummery, Kirstein. (2002). "Disability, Citizenship and Community Care: A Case for Welfare Rights?" Hampshire: Ashgate publishing Limited.〕 According to Marshall, social citizenship includes “the whole range from the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being according to the standards prevailing in society”.〔Beckett, Angharad E. (2006). "Citizenship and Vulnerability: Disability and Issues of Social and Political Engagement". Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrove Macmillan.〕 Marshall’s concept of social policy has been critiqued by some scholars for being idealistic and only applicable to the participation of able-bodied white males.〔Borsay, Anne. (2005). "Disability and Social Policy in Britain since 1750". Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrove Macmillan.〕
==History of Social Policy in Britain==
Under the Elizabethan Poor Law, social rights were not part of citizenship status.〔 The Poor Law Act of 1601 placed the responsibility of caring for the disabled on the family; the state was not legally obligated to care for those who were unable to work.〔 By the middle of the seventeenth century, small pensions were allocated to the poor, which often included disabled persons who were barred from wage labor, although these provisions were meager and not substantial enough to live off of.〔
In 1834, the Poor Law Amendment Act was created in order to reduce the number of able-bodied poor who received a pension.〔 While the disabled were able to access monetary assistance, they could only receive indoor assistance through institutionalization.〔Barnes, Colin & Mercer, Geof. (2010). "Exploring Disability". Cambridge: Polity Press.〕 This structure of monetary provision stigmatized the disabled for their lack of participation in the labor force and ostracized them from the community, a result that reflects the cultural emphasis placed upon the ability and willingness to participate in the labor force.〔〔
Beginning in the early 1900s, a “residual approach” to social policy was enacted in Britain where financial assistance would be provided to those without support at a minimal level in order to encourage active participation in the labor force.〔 Post-1945, additions were made to this social welfare approach that encompassed political-economic, social, and organizational reform.〔 Political-economic motivation emphasized reform encouraging high rates of employment, lower taxes, and minimal welfare dependents.〔 Social reform placed women, children, the elderly and the disabled as dependents of a male wage-earner which cast further distinctions between impaired and able-bodied citizens.〔 Finally, organizational reforms gave professionals increasing state support and decision making power in the realm of social services, especially in the case of health services.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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